Hawaii Coffee Company Essay

I. Trading Position The company is well known for providing customers with quality grinded coffee in retail grocery format. Customers of the company are stores and coffee shops. The company should maintain this position because it is the most profitable for the company. However, there are also risks in the format. Selling in large packages will generate sales discount that will reduce corporate profit. II. Brand Decisions I believe that the company should maintain the presence of the Royal Kona brand because it means less pressure for the Lion Coffee brand. In other words, the two brands can help each other (financially or strategically) from time to time. III. Discount Selling I do not think it is possible to reduce the amount of discount selling for Lions Coffee Brand because the company sells in retail format where consumers will most likely want to get discounts from large amount of purchase. However, if conditions generate the necessity for such reduction, the price of coffee should be enhanced to cover the discounts given to special customers. This can be performed by using the numbers from previous period. Thus, the increase in price can be matched to the amount of discount given in the last period. There are also variations in the way we eliminate the looses from discount selling. For instance, the price increase could be based on average discount given in the last three years, etc. IV. Expanding to the Mainland Expansion to the mainland could generate enhanced market share if performed diligently. On the other hand, the wrong entry method could generate losses due to poorly calculated investments. First, manager of the expansion project must have thorough understanding on the coffee market in the mainland. A part of this is elaborated in the case study. The market is somewhat different with the Hawaiian market because in the mainland, people prefer to buy coffee beans and grind them in their houses and stores. In Hawaii on the other hand, there are significantly larger portion of the grinded coffee sales. Another difference of the coffee market in Hawaii and in the mainland is the nature of the competition. In Hawaii, the largest competition comes from drug stores and convenience stores. In the mainland on the other hand, competition comes from other coffee-selling companies like Starbucks, etc. In a sense, competition in the mainland exists in wider variation compare to the Hawaiian market. One of the upsides of such an expansion is the generation of additional markets that will relief the pressure from existing markets. Furthermore, the establishment of a presence in the mainland will generate knowledge sharing between the Hawaiian market and its subsidiary in the mainland. On the other hand, the downside of such an expansion is the unprepared system to face a considerably different business environment. The company might have to face considerable challenges from competitors and the increasingly demanding customers in the mainland. V. Starbucks Starbucks as the trendsetter in the coffee industry still have considerable influence for the company. In a sense, all products produced within the industry will be compared to Starbucks coffee. In the light of this condition, it is quite unwise to compete directly with the company. However, recent articles regarding the retail coffee market indicated that there are still plenty of rooms for development. Furthermore, analysts also stated that the retail coffee market has quite a unique appeal for investors. Despite the effects of popularity on sales, consumers of coffee are not ‘fanatics’ like in other industries. In a sense, there are still wide opportunities for development and winning the competition against others if one has the appropriate quality to please visitors (Duffy, 2007). VI. Opportunities and Threats Opportunities for the Hawaii Coffee Company are generated mainly from the nature of the industry which is always on the look for new tastes and new coffee experience. Threats on the other hand, come from the lack of knowledge on how to manage the retail coffee business. Some of the important points that deserve attention in order to avoid threats and generate opportunities include: Â · Designing the business plan One of the most frequent mistakes in managing the retail coffee business that could lead to failure is the lack of flexibility regarding corporate business plan. In a sense, managers should realize that they could never be done with the business plan. There are always little details that require attention and business change. Inability to understand this need is a threat toward corporate long-term survival. Â · Budgeting Studies indicated that 50% of new startups failed in the first three to five years. The reason of this failure is the lack of business expertise and insufficient funding. Therefore, the lack of a sufficient funding is categorized as a considerable threat for the coffee business. Â · Choosing the Location Most business understands that location is a crucial aspect of business endeavor. However, managers in the coffee business should understand that location is a critical determinant for business success or failure. The lack of ability in choosing the right location for business is a notable threat. Â · Understanding the Products Customers in the present day are much more critical than those of the old days. Tastes, cleanliness, quality of services are all under critical observation of visitors. Therefore, present day managers of coffee retailers must understand various aspects that would influence how customers perceived the products and services provided by the company. For instance, health issues are gaining increasing attention, therefore health considerations in designing coffee mixtures is important for business survival. The lack of comprehension toward the products and services offered and their implication to customers is a threat for the retail coffee business (‘Coffee Industry Goes Green’, 2007). Â · Knowing Customers A good product for a single segment could be horrible for other segments. Companies should never generalized their product and hope for a piece of all markets. There is always the need for targeting a certain segment of the market and focuses on developing products and services to meet the preferences of the segment. The lack of knowledge over the targeted segment could be a significant threat for corporate growth and survival. Â · Investing in Barista Barista and waiters are the ones who interact directly with customers. These are the people where managers put their faith upon. If a manager realized this, then he/she should realize the importance of investing into baristas and waiters. Training, bonuses and other types of compensation are important for the business. Ignoring Baristas is a significant threat for success in the retail coffee business.

Phonemic Awareness In A K-3 Balanced Literacy Program

The research is concentrated on the effects of phonemic awareness on early readers and how it impacts reading fluently. The paper gives a definition of phonemic awareness, and phonics along with two Techniques for assessing phonemic awareness. The paper discuss the purpose and description of both phonemic awareness and phonics. Phonemic Awareness in a K-3 Balanced Literacy Program Language is developed at an early age babies are exposed to language in the wound. They are exposed when the mother or other members of the family talk, sing or read stories to them.Many times babies are familiar with various family members by their voices heard in the wound. There are many factors that occur when children learn to read. Students must have a prior knowledge of letters and sound recognition. Teachers use various strategies and technique to teach children to read. There are two important strategies that teachers use for success. The strategies are Phonemic awareness and phonics. Phonemic awar eness relates to the individual sounds of spoken language. One of the most widely used strategies is teaching students phonemic awareness.Phonemic awareness is the understanding of words which are made up of sounds that can be assembled in different ways to make different sounds. Phonics is a series of rules that children have to memorize and apply when they are sounding out unfamiliar words. . This method is successful but students must learn letter sounds to an automatic level by recognizing a letter and saying the sound. Phonics shows how sounds (phonemes) and letters (graphemes) work together. Phonemic awareness and phonics both are important strategies to teach children to read.Phonemic awareness and phonics support for beginner and early readers. The phonemic awareness and Phonics strategies have similar as well as different benefits for students and teachers. (Walsh, Oct 2009) Phonemic awareness is part of phonological awareness, which is part of met linguistic awareness.. Ph onemic awareness includes segmenting spoken Phonemic awareness is the ability to detect each phoneme which is smallest unit of speech in words into phonemes and blending phonemes into words. It is a reading skill which is acquired through nursery rhymes and playing sound and word games.(Walsh, Oct 2009)Only through spoken word play and seeing the written code around them do children learn to separate the word from what it refers to and to treat the word itself as a thing to be playfully manipulated in rhyming and early word games. Phonics is a method for teaching students to read and write language. Phonics teaches pupils how to connect the sounds of speech with letters or groups of letters to form words. Phonics teaches students to blend the sounds of letters together to produce words in which are unfamiliar. Phonics is a popular method of teaching students to read and decode words using sounds.Children begin learning to read usually around the age of 5 or 6. Teaching children to r ead with the use of phonics requires students to learn the connections between letter patterns and the sounds they represent. Phonics instruction requires the teacher to provide students with a core body of information about phonics rules, or patterns. Along with phonics rules students are taught to memorize high frequency words, such as it, he, them, and when. Phonics is the connection of phonetic awareness in the understanding of sounds that connect to letters. Phonics is a key element of reading.Students need to know the relationship between letters and sounds in order to begin to sound out words. Direct phonics instruction needs to be one component of a balanced literacy program. One strategy for phonics is producing consonant vowel consonant words. (Louis Gates, 2011) For each of the basic vowel words, create two to three models (1) one-syllable CVC words—cat, fat, bat; (2) one syllable -VCe words—sane, pane, vane; and (3) one syllable CVVC words—fail, hail , rail. Create another List of basic one-syllable consonant di/trigraph CCVC Words—chill, chin; chip, and CVCC words—catch, Match, patch.The purpose for Phonemic awareness and phonics in a K-3 balanced literacy program. Phonemic aware purpose in K-3 balanced literacy is teaching beginners to read and pronounce words. Phonics purpose is to learn the phonetic value of letters, letter groups, and especially. Phonics supports cooperative and integrative learning where students and teacher learn together and carry out tasks collaboratively. In 1984, the National Academy of Education reported the status of research and instructional practices in reading education the report includes the finding that phonics instruction improves children's ability to identify words.The report concludes that phonics strategies include teaching children the sounds of letters in isolation and in words, and teaching them to blend the sounds of letters together to produce approximate pronunciation s of words. It also states that phonics instruction should occur in conjunction with opportunities to identify words in meaningful sentences and stories. Educators need to assess the progress of student’s future and present reading skills. The knowledge of a student’s recognition of letter sounds and the ability to blend begins in the early years of school.Students are assessed during their early grades of Elementary school such as kindergarten and first grade. Students are assessed through progress monitoring. Progress monitoring is a strategy that helps educators in determining if the students are making adequate progress or if more intervention strategies are needed achieve grade level reading goals. Phonemic Awareness Assessment can be achieved through formal and informal activities. There are two ways phonemic awareness can be assessed by the teacher through student’s recognition of rhyming sounds and having the ability blend phonetically.Recognizing rhyme assessment is done when a student can recognize or identify a rhyming sound which can be obtained receptively or expressively. Children are given an example of a rhyme. The teacher explains that two words will be read such as ham am the student is encouraged to answer if the two words sound alike by answering yes, raising hand, or thumbs up.Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) is an assessment that is given in the beginning of Kindergarten, early first grade, and if need first through third grades. DIBELS focuses on the development of early skills such as  letter naming, phoneme identification and phoneme segmentation to help teachers in predicting the lack of future skills that lead to developing proficient readers. In conclusion the purpose of this research is to talk about the importance of Phonemic awareness and how it supports students in education. (2009) Walsh The main argument for the importance of phonemic awareness in early literacy is that childre n who do not have an awareness of the structure of language cannot attend to the separate sounds in spoken words and are thus unable to establish phonemic awareness at the beginning of school, when in fact they may not.Phonemic awareness has been used worldwide in assisting with teaching skills. The technique is praised by teachers and Speech language pathologist because it is a technique that can be taught in various ways. The techniques can be taught with materials that are handy in the classroom such as stories, poems, and rhymes. Phonics instruction occurs in conjunction with opportunities to identify words in meaningful sentences and stories.Assessments in phonemic assessment and phonics are to ensure that teacher’s make educational decisions and improve their instructional decisions. The balanced literacy approach refers to phonological awareness and explicit instruction in alphabetic principle. It relates written and spoken language forms and uses. Phonics teaches deco ding, fluency and comprehends. Overall phonics and phonemic awareness focus on the goal of improving language and communication. The approaches support strong reading skills that foster fluency, and strong decoding skills.

American Themes in the Wizard of Oz Essay

â€Å"There’s no place like home† (Baum) is a quote read by children and adults alike, from the gilded age of the 1950’s to the modernity of today. It is from the cleverly written bedtime story, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, which seems like an innocent fairy tale that is written solely to pleasure children. However, deep between the lines of L. Frank Baum’s novel, the various images of America that brings readers awareness to the troubles at the turn of the century. The wicked Witch of the East represents eastern industrialists and bankers who control the people, the Munchkins; the Scarecrow is the wise yet naive western farmers; the Tin Woodman stands for the dehumanization industrial workers; and Dorothy’s silver slippers represents the Populists’ solution to the nation’s economic woes. The novel is a framework of allusions to American life. There are examples of how Baum makes connections to the American world in his novel (Bellman). In the novel, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the wicked Witch of the East is a horrendous leader that brings distress and hardship to her people, the Munchkins. She represents eastern industrialists and bankers who control the citizens, and contributes nothing but heartache and pain, leading to a tragic demise. The good Witch of the North, describes the atrocity of the Witch of the East towards the helpless Munchkins: â€Å"‘She was the wicked Witch of the East, as I said,’ answered the little women. ‘she has held all the munchkins in bondage for many years, making them slave for her night and day’† (Baum 12). The ruling of Oz is closely related to real-life rulers and political systems of the time (Bussey). The Witch of the East salvages from her defenseless people, making them pitifully work for nothing in return. In America, banks liberate money from their citizens, forcing them to slave for little income. Fortunately, the troubles they cause end their power over the citizens. The Witch of the North, is no match for the malign forces of the East: â€Å"‘But I [Witch of the North] am a good witch, and the people love me. I am not as powerful as the wicked Witch was who ruled here, or I should have set the people free myself†Ã¢â‚¬  (14). The admirable Witch, like the voters of the upper Midwest, are no match for the injurious powers of the East. She does anything in her leadership to terminate the sorrow of the Witch, but with no success. The East of America is ruled by individuals who are greedy, just like the endives Witch of the East, and through their ultimate struggles for power, their own torment arrives. Dorothy’s farm house kills the wicked Witch of the East: ‘â€Å"We are so grateful to you for having killed the wicked Witch of the East, and for setting our people free from bondage’†¦ There, indeed, just under the corner of the great beam the house rested on, two feet were sticking out† (12). Dorothy’s farmhouse killing the wicked Witch of the East is symbolic of the eventual demise of rich easterners at the hands of rural farmers. So, in both events, their ultimate downfall is meet due to their actions, and the people have a considerably extensive role in the events that occur. The power of both the Witch of the East, and the industrialist and bankers of America, overrule the easiest target, causing distress and tribulation with the feeling of indestructibleness. Thus, due to the inhabitants need for salvation, they both advance towards the cusp of their supremacy. So, inevitably, the wicked Witch of the East through the eyes of Frank Baum, is seen as the individuals who control the East of America, that take all they desire, leaving nothing behind. Frank Baum writes the Scarecrow as a wise individual, but also someone who is seen as childlike, with no sense of his surroundings. Subsequently, he references this with western farmers of America, who do not have enough intellect to know their political interests, similarly to the Scarecrow with no brain. But both eventually see the true causes of their misery. The Scarecrow explains that he has no brains: â€Å"‘If anyone treads on my toes or sticks a pin into me, it doesn’t matter, for I can’t feel it. But I do not want people to call me a fool, and if my head stays stuffed with straw instead of with brains, as yours is, how am I ever to know anything? ’† (28). In the same way as the Scarecrow, who is depicted as an uneducated character, blinded by his deceiving atmosphere, the farmers of America do not have enough intellect to recognize they are being out witted by the bank. Without an educated mind, the Scarecrow falls into the holes on the yellow brick road, but gets up without being injured: â€Å"As for the Scarecrow, having no brains he walked straight ahead, and so stepped into the holes and fell at full length on the hard [yellow] bricks. It never hurt him, however, and Dorothy would pick him up and set him upon his feet again, while he joined her in laughing merrily at his own mishap† (32). On his journey through the forest, where the road is in disrepair, the Scarecrow stumbles and falls on the â€Å"hard [yellow] bricks,† a reference to the Populist claim that the gold standard has a damaging impact on farmers and the people at large. Although, the Scarecrow is â€Å"never hurt† by his falls, which suggests that the yellow metal is not the real culprit of the farmer’s woes. The Wizard depicts the Scarecrow with no brain, which is derived from experience: ‘â€Å"Can’t you give me brains? ’ asked the Scarecrow. ‘You don’t need them. You are learning something everyday†¦Ã‚  Experience is the only thing that brings knowledge, and the longer you are on earth the more experience you are sure to get’† (160). Near the end of the novel, the Scarecrow and the farmer find out that they have brains, discovering that they have enough intellect to grasp the true causes of his misery and the basics of monetary policy. On her journey, Dorothy encounters a Scarecrow, representing the farmers, who has no wit to understand that they can end up losing their farms to the banks, even though they work hard to grow the food to feed a hungry nation. Frank Baum exemplifies that the Tin Woodman is a product of the dehumanized industrial workers in America, causing them to loose the ability to care. The Witch of the East makes the Tin Woodman cut through his body with an axe. Thus, giving him a frame of tin. I [Tin Woodman] thought I had beaten the wicked Witch then, and I had worked harder than ever; but I little knew how cruel my enemy could be†¦ and made my axe slip again, so that it cut right through my body†¦ Once more the tinner came to help and made me a body of tin†¦ But, alas! I had now no heart (46) The Woodman is cursed by the Witch of the East, and hacks off all his limbs. Each lost appendage is replaced with tin until the Woodman is made entirely of metal. So, the Witch of the East (American bankers) reduces the Woodman to a machine, a dehumanized worker who no longer feels, who has no heart. He needs oil to fix his rusted joints: â€Å"‘Get an oil-can and oil my joints,’ he answered. ‘They are rusted so badly that I cannot move them at all; if I am well oiled I shall soon be all right again’† (41). The Woodman’s rusted condition parallels the prostrated condition of labour during the depression of 1890; like many workers, the Tin Man is unemployed. Yet, with a few drops of oil, he is able to resume his customary labors. In the novel, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Tin Woodsman, representing the industrial workers, rusted as solid as the factories of the 1890’s depression, loses all the sense of compassion and co-operation to work together to help each other during hard times; stating that the Woodman has no heart. Dorothy’s silver slippers represent the Populists’ solution to the nation’s economic woes. Only these slippers enable her to remain safe on the yellow-brick road, representing the bank’s gold standard. A Munchkin, explaining the power of the Witch of the East’s silver footwear: ‘â€Å"The Witch of the East was proud of those silver shoes,’ said one of the Munchkins; ‘and there is some charm connected with them; but what it is we never know’† (16). The mystical silver shoes belong to the Witch of the East before she is crushed by the farm house. When she dies, they are repossessed by Dorothy, and when the banks in the East of America get overruled, the nation’s gold standard assisted the Americans out of their depression era. Glinda explains to Dorothy that the silver shoes has the power to take the wearer anywhere in only three steps. The Silver Shoes,’ said the Good Witch, ‘have wonderful powers. And one of the most curious things about them is that they can carry you to any place in the world in three steps, and each step will be made in the wink of an eye. All you have to do is to knock the heels together three times and command the shoes to carry you wherever you wish to go (216). She explains to Dorothy that the slippers have an endless supply of unthinkable powers that have never been seen before. Dorothy is able to use the slippers in order to return home to Kansas. Baum attempts to show America that the scourge of the economic times will be altered. Baum writes the silver shoes as deciphering the tribulation of the people of Oz, giving them a way out in a time of misfortune. They are the only thing that enables Dorothy to safely remain on the brick road, depicting the bank’s gold standard. Together, with being the only object known to man to safely return her home to Kansas. â€Å"The roposed ‘free silver’ policy which brings economic relief to those oppressed by the federal government’s single standard of gold for the national currency† (Bellman). The novel, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, through the eyes of children, is an innocent fairy tale, a bedtime story. However, it has many hidden purposes and allusions, that L. Frank Baum writes so adults and critics are informed of the difficulties that America is facing in this era. The Witch of the East represents the imperious bankers, along with the eastern industrialists, who control the individuals of America, depicted as the Munchkins. The Scarecrow embodies the cunning but candid farmers who let authoritative individuals control their future. The Tin Woodman stands for the robotized industrial employees, who loose the ability to care. Finally, the silver slippers symbolize the Populists’ solution to the nation’s economic woes. Dwelling into The Wonderful Wizard of Oz gives insight into Baum’s imagination, creating a sense of understanding towards his underlying details. Yet, some are still hidden and might never be discovered.

Data Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data Analysis - Essay Example The author presents the debate on NAFTA such that an observer or reader is capable of understanding the origin of the agreement. The author offers appropriate evidence of his discussions by providing the committee meetings dates and the results of the meetings concerning the matter of trade agreement. The author mentions the persons involved in the meetings, and quoting their words where necessary to enhance conveyance of data to the reader in an appropriate manner. Utilization of this technique by the author forms a basis of a good argument and data appropriateness3. The author supports his argument on the issue of Mexican economic expansion by drawing literature from the comments of a senator. He does this by quoting the words of the senator in order to draw attention to the reader and makes his points relevant and factual. The author uses tables as references for information that he conveys. Use of tables in analyses forms a fundamental part of an analysis because the tables draw the relevance of information presented. The reader of the article can seek to understand the information presented by viewing the tables and the data contained in them. The part on the economic model deals with the author’s explanation of congressional voting and it result on the US policy4. The author presents information and acknowledges other authors in which he finds information to make his argument succinct. The use variables in the analyses intend to identify various parameters used in indicating patterns for voting. The empirical model presented in the article intends to analyze the votes cast various individuals on NAFTA. The author utilizes best methods to provide required measures and analysis of the process. The measures in use include those of GAINERS plus LOOSERS represented by equations which are not evident in

Simulation Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Writer #1497 Essay

Simulation Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Writer #1497 - Essay Example The purpose of this report is to describe the actions taken by the student during three phases of the simulation and to discuss important marketing concepts such as differentiation, positioning and product lifecycle. The purpose of the simulation is to develop a positioning strategy for the company. The first phase of the perceptual map simulation involves selecting the parameters related to the motorcycle industry that aligned with the product the company is offering. The simulation taught me that the optimum amount of parameters that should be chosen for a particular product is four. Choosing more than four does not allow the marketer to highlight the product’s strengths in order to create effective marketing campaigns. The nine parameters I had to choose from were: lifestyle image, product design, cool, product uniqueness, service offering, price, engine capacity safety, and quality engineering. Based on the company’s status as a provider to motorcycle in the high-end of the marketplace I choose these four parameters: lifestyle image, product design and styling, price and product uniqueness. The result of my selection was that I ended up choosing three of the four optimum parame ters for this particular product. The parameter that I should not have selected was product uniqueness. In this case quality engineering covers the important aspects of product uniqueness. An important parameter that I failed to choose was service offering. Service offerings are utilized to ensure loyalty among customers and distribution channels which include club memberships, maintenance training, and financial services (Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation, 2008). The second phase of the simulation involved making a decision about the company future positioning in the marketplace. Tough economic times along with an aging focus group of customer were endangering the company solid 40% market share. The two primary choices were repositioning the CruiserThorr model or

Unemployment in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unemployment in Europe - Essay Example A survey conducted in 2006, an assessment of the unemployment rates in various countries in Europe was carried out. As per the results of that survey, unemployment in Europe in general is currently as high as 4% to 17%. (Kurten, 2006). Not only this, the rate of unemployment was assessed to decrease further in the coming years, which is the biggest cause of concern among the youth of the European nations. The same study by Kurten (2006) revealed that till 2004, people below 25 years of age belonging to the European Union faced unemployment in the percentage of over 18.6%. What particularly raises a lot of difficulties in the way of young Europeans getting employed is a lack of sufficient experience that would get them qualified for the jobs. Any journey has to start from a point. Unfortunately, young Europeans can not start because the employers expect them to have considerable experience that is not possible without at least one employer having compromised upon lack of experience and accepted a fresh graduate. Moreover, employers in Europe conventionally judge the skills of a person through his/her CV. This way, many potential employees fail to be even considered for selection simply because the CVs are not convincing enough in terms of experience. In addition to that, employers in Europe generally tend to evaluate the proficiency of an individual through his/her experience with the first job. This can prove very unfortunate for an individual in that even if he/she remained employed with some infamous and unrenowned company for a considerable length of time in the start of his/her career, he/she might have extreme difficulty searching another job after leaving the first one. The consequences can be even worse if the individual got expelled from the first job for some reason, even if he/she was not at fault at all. On the other hand, employees themselves feel demotivated by repeated rejections and expulsions

Agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Agency - Essay Example People in power tend to manipulate those below them by controlling how they think and act. Foucault uses the Panopticon to represent power laboratory, which uses the staff and the prisoners as experiment specimens. The Panopticon and the town stricken by plague represent transformational changes of the disciplinary measure. The Plagued town scenario is an exceptional case, where power is used to eradicate an unusual evil. While the Panopticon represents a comprehensive prototype of human operation, a feature that defines day to day power relations. The Panopticon happens not to be a dream building structure, but a layout of power minimized to its ideal nature. It perfects power functioning by multiplying the number of individuals under power control, and minimizing power operators. Power is made more effective and economical. Considering the works done by Susan Bordo and Richard Miller in their essays Beauty (Re) discovers the male Body and The Dark Night of Soul respectively, several aspects of agencies are being discussed. By using Foucault way of thinking on the essays of Bordo and Miller, we can be able to deduce how Foucault might treat the particular materials used choose for their examples. For instance, taking one example from Bordo in her essay Beauty (Re) discovers the male Body; she discusses about how the agency of men as supposed to be masculine and in charge has taken a different route whereby males are assuming ladies position. Taking an example from this essay about the advertisement she came across in the New York Times Magazines, in actual life setting, a male is supposed to have power over a woman a case depicted (Brodo 169). In this example where a young man poses with a Calvin Klein labeled undergarment but has a posture reserved for women. The eyes of the young man looks down from the camera as opposed to facing the camera as men do. It depicts a power that has given its

The World of the Text of Ezekiel Creates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The World of the Text of Ezekiel Creates - Essay Example ve to pay particular heed to all the essentialities while interpreting the Biblical text.2 The present study aims to make interpretation of the Book of Ezekiel by allocating special consideration to chapters 37 and 38. The above-stated chapters of the Book of Ezekiel tend to make prophecies about the future events to be taken place in the collective life of the House of Jacob.3 Chapter 37 begins with Ezekiel’s describing the Hand of the Lord4 taking him to some valley full of dead and dry bones everywhere. The Hand of the Lord signifies the powers of Almighty God; the same has also been mentioned in many places in the Bible, as the Lord has stated: â€Å"For My hand made all these things, Thus all these things came into being," declares the LORD. "But to this one I will look, To him who is humble and contrite of spirit, and who trembles at My word.5 In both of the above verses, the Hand of God represents the supreme omnipotence of the Lord. It is partly because of the very fact that hands signify the labor or toil made by almost all living creatures to achieve something constructive as well as for the fulfillment of one’s needs and desires. As a result, the description of the Hand of God reflects the acts performed by God by applying His countless powers. The verses of chapter 37 of the Book of Ezekiel further narrates that the Lord enquired from Ezekiel whether the dead bones could become full of life again after death; where Ezekiel maintained that only the Lord is all-Knowing, while he did not have enough knowledge about various things including reincarnation.7 At this, Ezekiel found the Lord addressing to the dry bones of the dead people, where He maintained that He would infuse life into the sinews and bones of the dead people.8 The verse mirrors the supremacy and authority attributed to the Creator of heavens and the earth, Who once had created the entire universe9, and countless creatures as well as all humans out of the absolute chaos.10 It is

Dementia as an extremely debilitating disease Essay

Dementia as an extremely debilitating disease - Essay Example This research will also show the importance of the nurse as an advocate for those who have mental disabilities such as dementia. Of course there will be thorough discussion on what the best interventions are in the acute care setting to try and maintain a decent quality of life for the patient as well. The conclusion shows that dementia is a severely crippling disease, both physically and mentally, and therefore often the best nursing approach is a holistic one with an interpersonal methodology intertwined. Although there is no cure for dementia, appropriate management of care by the nurse can make a great deal of difference in these patients' lives. Dementia is actually the gradual destruction of several areas of the brain that affect the cognitive processes. This of course causes maladaptive behavior changes and the nurse sometimes has a more difficult time managing the patient care when these symptomatic occurrences begin to take place (Antonangeli 1995, pg. 167). Typically dementia is viewed as a collection of negative symptoms, but positive symptoms are present as well. During the early stages of the illness when the patient is only mildly impaired it is very common for individuals to avoid active participation in life. Patients tend to withdraw from social engagements, lack initiative, and overall behave in an indifferent and apathetic manner. It is the nurse's role to attempt to manage their care in a way that will keep them from adapting to this type of behavior. In the acute care setting a certain quality of life is attempted to be maintained for as long as possible. This might be through medications prescribed, psychol ogical counseling services, or other methods of intervention that are geared towards each individual patients needs because not every dementia patient requires the same form of treatment in the initial stages nor as the disease progresses (Aylward et al 1997, pg. 155). As the illness progresses and the cognitive deficits increase patients may become more anxious and agitated. Patients with preexisting psychological problems are prone to experiencing hallucinations and delusions. In particular these patients exhibit paranoid delusions, for instance accusing the elderly spouse of being unfaithful. Misperceptions, such as the inability to distinguish real people from television images, are also common at this stage (Bauer & Shea 1986, pg. 144). Aggression, in particular verbal hostility tends to increase as accurate perception declines. It is perceived that these agitated and aggressive behaviors may represent issues where the patient is making an adaptive effort to try and communicate their needs. They are also attempting to express why they are behaving the way they are but they simply become frustrated and

Unit 3 Organisational Behaviour, Unit 5 Aspects of Contract and Assignment

Unit 3 Organisational Behaviour, Unit 5 Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business, Unit 31 E-Business Operation - Assignment Example Valid contracts act as tools for a business enterprise that can be used as defence mechanism to protect its resources. Contract is essentially a promise between two or more parties, and the promise is legally bound with the implication that court of law will intervene in case there is any breach of the promise (Ryan, 2005, p.3). There are various essential elements for the formation of a valid contract. First of all, there must be an offer made by one or more parties and acceptance of the offer by other parties. An offer is a legally bound promise which means all the terms and conditions attached to the offer have been accepted by both parties. Acceptance occurs when the party responding to the offer expresses agreement to the offer, and the acceptance must be explicit and unequivocal as law will not consider an offer as accepted merely because it has not been expressly refused. There must also be a clear intention of both parties to enter into a legal relationship. The parties to th e contract should also be capable to enter into a legal relationship like the involved persons should be adults, mentally fit, and mentally alert so that they are aware of the terms and conditions of the contract. A person is considered an adult when he or she is of legal age requirement. In most countries the legal age requirement is 18 years. A person is not considered mentally fit if he has been declared mentally incompetent by the court. Finally, a contract signed by an intoxicated person is not considered as valid contract since such a person is not mentally alert to become aware of the terms and conditions of the contract. There should also be free consent from both parties, i.e. neither party should force the other party to enter into a contract. When a valid document is signed it becomes a legally bound contract and is assumed that all the terms and conditions have been understood by both the involved parties. A contract is made up of various terms

Critical analysis of teaching materials for Academic Purpose Research Paper

Critical analysis of teaching materials for Academic Purpose - Research Paper Example Adequate academic skills enable the undergraduate natural science students to write proper science reports on their experiments, and research; for example, when writing a research report on the negative impacts of deforestation on the economy of the USA (Jordan,  2009). This chapter also enables the undergraduate science students to develop critical thinking skills (Kathy & David, 2004). This is because it gives insights on current environmental challenges worldwide. Students are supposed to understand the environmental challenges, and thereafter discuss the most appropriate possible solutions in their discussion groups. The language level used in this book is simple. This enables the undergraduate students to effectively understand the academic writing concepts that are illustrated. The simple language is represented through the simple sentences which are clearly and logically arranged in understandable chapters. The simple language has been achieved through using minimal scientific terminologies and jargons (Jordan,  2009). This ensures that all students understand the contents; regardless of the undergraduate level or academic intelligence. Visual presentations are also used in order tyro simplify points of discussions and paragraphs. The presentations also summarize the main ideas discussed through highlighting the main message in simple, short and clear statements (Jordan,  2009). The most appropriate level of study for this chapter is the undergraduate academic level. This is because the environment concept at the global level are studied in most science courses studied at undergraduate level (Kathy & David, 2004). The science undergraduate students are required to write research proposals in the environment field of study. For the research proposal to be approved by the university professors, it must be presented in a clear, logical and scientific manner. An example of a research proposal is: â€Å"A research proposal on

Shylock Is a Jew in a Predominantly Christian Society Just as Othello Is… Essay Example for Free

Shylock Is a Jew in a Predominantly Christian Society Just as Othello Is†¦ Essay Question: ‘Shylock is a Jew in a predominantly Christian society just as Othello is†¦living in a predominantly white society. But unlike Othello, Shylock rejects the Christian community as firmly as it rejects him. ’ (W. H. Auden, ‘The Dyer’s Hand’, 1963. Quoted in ‘Shakespeare’s Comedies’, edited by Lerner, Penguin 1967. ) In light of the above quotation, compare and contrast Shakespeare’s presentation of prejudice, considering how audiences of different periods might react to it. (2000 words) Shylock’s presentation of prejudice has been received in immeasurably different ways by audiences of different generations, and the portrayal of the attitudes of Shylock and Othello towards their intolerant societies are ones that still arguably offer a valuable view towards prejudice in our present-day societies. ‘Shylock is a Jew’. Four words from the above quotation which arguably encapsulate the main running theme throughout the whole of The Merchant of Venice. From a Venetian viewpoint, Shylock is a Jew; therefore he is different; therefore we will exclude him. Shakespeare shows this through many different examples, from the racist views expressed by ‘good Antonio’, to the expressions used by the high courts of Venice; the Christian community expressing a certain divide and prejudice towards Shylock and the Jewish minority. This ‘rejection’ of the Jews is notably explored in the views expressed by Antonio early on in the play, when the loan of ‘three thousand ducats’ is negotiated. Bassanio attempts to convince Shylock through kind words and offers of dinner- the ‘Christian’ way of kindness; possibly the only instance of kindness offered to Shylock throughout the entire play. However, as soon as Antonio enters, the tone changes; Shylock goes from being referred to as ‘sir’ by Bassanio to ‘The devil’ by Antonio. Antonio would ‘spit on thee again’, and this particular example highlights that, despite the fact Antonio is attempting to receive a loan from Shylock, prejudice is still inherent in his every word and action. The Christian community ‘rejects’ Shylock, no matter what he may do of benefit to them; and, as a result, is rejected in like. The harsh treatment Shylock receives (such as curfew and a barrage of cuss-words) is reflected in the way that he ‘rejects the Christian community as firmly as it rejects him’; for example, when offered dinner, Shylock launches into an expletive, hate-fuelled speech about Christianity, claiming that pork is ‘the habitation which your prophet the Nazarite conjured the devil into’, and firmly stating that he ‘will not eat with you, drink with you, nor pray with you’. Shylock is rejecting the Christian community with every moral fibre in his body, and seems to only take the bond of Antonio to hold some kind of leverage above him, namely the term of ‘the forfeit/ Be nominated for an equal pound/ Of your fair flesh’; a foolishly agreed term that is taken full advantage of. Shylock is treated harshly, and as a result takes full advantage of the fact that legally he can kill Antonio; thus rejecting the Christian community. Othello, however, is the polar opposite of Shylock’s ‘stand-alone’ attitude; though being the outsider ‘in a predominantly white society’, he attempts to fit in, and be loved by the aristocratic Venetians. Shakespeare presents the prejudice inherent in Venetian society in a slightly different way; though Shylock and Othello both are used by the ‘majorities’, and thrown out when not needed, Shakespeare presents a play that explores the prejudice through a different angle. Othello is the war-hardy soldier needed by the whole of Venetian society to fight the Turkish aggressors, who angers Venetian society by taking a white woman; Shylock is a Jew whose possessions are needed by Antonio alone, who angers Venetian society by daring to claim what is rightfully his. In Othello the audience receives an impression that, though Iago is manoeuvring everybody towards his own aims, Othello is clearly in the wrong when murdering his wife; therefore he is rejected by the ‘society’, and this is morally ‘right’. In The Merchant of Venice the audience feels that, actually, Shylock is morally wronged by the Christians; and this rejection by society leaves a bitter taste. An audience in Elizabethan times would have been left with (in both plays) a feeling of discontentment in the treatment of the two key characters; despite the obvious inherent prejudice in society at this time towards ‘moors’ and Jews, Shakespeare’s manipulations of stereotypes in his works (e. g.the ‘kind’, Christian Antonio is an oppressive character who almost gets his comeuppance) were aimed to alter (or at least make the audience question) their views on minorities. Shakespeare’s portrayal of Shylock can easily be seen as a plea for tolerance towards the Jewish community in England at the time. For example, Shylock’s famous ‘If you prick us, do we not bleed? ’ speech is designed to throw a human perspective on the matter; that the ‘Jews’- peoples that have been so discriminated against that any racism against Jews has its own nametag are human too. Shylock’s most memorable speech is a cry for humanity and equality, which has resounded down the ages. As Alexander Granach (a German actor who portrayed Shylock in the 1920s) in his autobiography ‘From the Shtetl to the Stage: The Odyssey of a Wandering Actor’ writes; Shakespeare ‘gave Shylock human greatness and spiritual strength and a great lonelinessthings that turn Antonios gay, singing, sponging, money-borrowing, girl-stealing, marriage-contriving circle into petty idlers and sneak thieves. ’ This will undoubtedly have had a slight effect on the audience, showing them that the supposed ‘villain’ of the piece is simply following a twisted, unmerciful version of the ‘Golden Rule’, an ethic of reciprocity that is cited in Christianity; ‘do unto others as you would have them do unto you’. In this play, Shylock is indeed doing ‘unto others’ how they do unto him. Shylock’s actions, instead of being a stereotypical cruel, vengeful Jew who only cares about his ‘diamond gone (that) cost me two thousand ducats’, are transformed by Shakespeare into an often-misinterpreted statement about the hypocrisy inherent in both society and religion at this time. Shakespeare’s magic lies in the fact that he managed to change two persecuted minorities, who prior to being dramatically personified by Shakespeare had been held up in plays as mockeries of creatures, to human beings with the emotional capacity to feel love and hate. Othello is no longer a ‘black ram’ held up by Iago as crudely ‘topping (the) white ewe’, he has become a symbol of the outsider used for other’s purposes. In Othello’s doing of ‘ta’en’ of Desdemona, he turns Venetian society against him, and is only needed for the purposes of defeating the Ottomans. 300 years on, and this example is still relevant; Paul Robinson, a black actor who went on to portray Othello on Broadway in 1943, drew comparisons between Othello’s situation and the situation of a coloured man in America in the 1930s; ‘while (Othello) could be valuable as a fighter he was tolerated, just as a negro who could save New York from a disaster would become a great man overnight†¦however, as soon as Othello wanted a white woman†¦everything was changed, just as New York would be indignant if their coloured man married a white woman’. In this way, Shakespeare’s portrayal of minorities is relevant for all societies where ethnical persecution takes place, no matter what the time period. However, Shakespeare’s underlying meaning of equality has been twisted. David H. Lawrence famously quoted ‘Never trust the artist, trust the tale’; and indeed, this ha what happened with Shakespeare’s intentions for Shylock and the grim reality. For example, the character of Shylock was used in anti-semetic propaganda by Hitler in Nazi Germany to promote the scapegoating of the Jews; Shylock is held up by a local newspaper in Konigsberg, Germany in 1935 as ‘cowardly and malicious’ when ‘properly understood’, a line that undermines both the intelligence and self-esteem of local people upon reading (in that they did not read enough into the play), and the true meaning of The Merchant of Venice. Upon saying that the deeper meaning is that Shylock is cowardly and malicious, they are mistaking the shallow, surface meaning for a deeper one. As Harold Bloom commented in 1999, ‘It would have been better for the Jewish people had Shakespeare never written this play’; here, Bloom is obviously commenting on the fact that people only took away the shallow meaning, not the deeper, politically-charged (for the times) meaning that Shakespeare is attempting to convey. In a manner seemingly parallel to that of Nazi Germany, Shakespeare’s messages are being sorely misunderstood even nowadays. Shakespeare and his plays (in present-day, less inherently racist society) are being taken away from younger generations, such as in British schools whose teaching is becoming impeded by the P.C nature of today’s ‘Big Society’. Texts and plays key to British education (such as ‘Of Mice and Men’ and ‘Othello’) are being considered to blatent in their language (eg. ‘whore’, ‘moor’) to be studied at an age of 15/16; in an age when arguably the anti-racist messages of Shakespeare need to be implemented. In this way, whilst previous generations of audiences may have held up Shakespeare’s ‘Othello’ and ‘Merchant of Venice’ as examples of injustice and hypocrisy, today’s audiences are holding them up as too blatent in their use of ‘inappropriate language’. Shakespeare’s messages of equality are, once again, being misunderstood; especially if people do not understand the messages that ‘the Great Bard’ is attempting to convey. For example, in 2008, nine students at the Yesodey Hatorah Senior Girls School (a Jewish comprehensive school) in Hackney in East London refused to sit an exam on ‘The Tempest’ purely because they felt that Shakespeare was anti-semetic owing to his severely-misunderstood portrayal of Shylock. Othello has also often been held up and received down the centuries as purely a negative stereotype; even as recently as 2008. Robert Fisk writes in ‘The Guardian’ that ‘Othello was a Moor, a black Muslim, a mercenary (in the service of Venice) – and a wife killer’. One can assume that this is how he would have been viewed in most predominantly-white countries up until the fall of racism and the increase of diversity; thus missing the fact that Iago is both the catalyst and trouble-starter. The mannerisms and attitudes of the characters provide a key insight into the prejudices inherent in society, through both the actions and thought-processes provided by Shakespeare. For example, Othello almost unconsciously uses racist terms to describe himself, providing a derogatory edge to his words. This is shown best in the soliloquys given to Othello, especially when he doubts the good nature of Desdemona; he feels that his ‘name, that was as fresh As Dians visage, is now begrimed and black, As mine own face’, i. e. that his previously good nature is now smeared. However, Othello associates his own face as ‘begrimed and black’, in that he sees his very self as something dirty- and that white (i. e. ‘Dian’s visage’, a marble-white Greek goddess) as something good, clean, and pure. Othello appears to have internalised the racist ideologies preached by Venetians such as Brabantio, and this especially comes to heed in the murder of Desdemona. Seeds planted by Iago act as a catalyst to the problem put in the open by Brabantio at the start of the play; that Desdemona would never ‘Run from her guardage to the sooty bosom Of such a thing as thou’. This, ultimately, is something that the entire play relies on; this comment, made in the heat of the moment by Brabantio, ultimately delivers death unto his daughter. Othello begins to doubt Desdemona’s love and honour due to the fact that he has internalised such racist opinions as ‘blacks and whites should not mix’, and is driven crazy by this. As already mentioned, Robert Fisk spoke of the ways in which Othello would have been viewed; not as somebody noble, but as somebody ‘different’, and (though many in the Elizabethan audience may have been able to sympathise with the beating of Desdemona) a ‘wife killer’; and indeed, this is a way in which some still see him today. Shakespeare, just like Othello and Shylock, lived in a predominantly white and Christian society, and recognised the prejudices inherent in English society; indeed, his plays reflected society. However, as Chung-hsuan Tung wrote, ‘Shakespeare recognizes the existence of racial differences but he is not a racist. Shakespeare is†¦an impartial, humanitarian dramatist preaching interracial liberty, equality, and fraternity. ’ Bibliography. Alexander Granach ‘From the Shtetl to the Stage: The Odyssey of a Wandering Actor’ Paul Robinson – ‘My Fight for Fame; How Shakespeare Paved My Way to Stardom’ The Merchant of Venice, Edited by John Russell Brown, ‘the Arden Shakespeare’, 2007 Othello, edited by E. A. J. Honigman, ‘the Arden Shakespeare’, 1997 John Gross – ‘Shylock: A legend and its Legacy’ Robert Fisk – ‘Offended by Shakespeare? Let’s ban him. ’ Guardian, 8th March 2008. Harold Bloom ‘It would have been better for the Jewish people had Shakespeare never written this play’, 1999. Chung hsuan-Tung – ‘The Jew and the Moor: Shakespeare’s Racial Vision’, 2008.

Health Promotion Education

Health Promotion Education Health promotion or education strategies are applicable to all health problems and are not restricted to any particular health issue or particular group of behaviours. World Health Organization (WHO) (1986) explains that health promotion entails the processes which make possible people to enhance their understanding and control their health in order to improve their health. For a person to attain a state of full physical, psychological as well as social happiness a person or a group has to be able to recognise and understand goals, to satisfy their wants, and modify or deal with the environment as well as illness. Thus, health is viewed as a resource for daily life, and not the goal of living. More so, health is a constructive aspect stressing social as well as personal resources together with physical abilities. Consequently, health promotion or education is not only the duty of health sector, except tit entails much more than a healthy life-style. This essay seeks to address the ro le that health education/promotion can play in empowering patients to take more responsibility for their own health. A lot of present day and tomorrows main causes of disease, disability and even death are issues which can be greatly reduced through preventive attitudes which are learned through health promotion or education in earlier ages and build through social as well as political strategies and stipulations. However as Naidoo and Wills (2000):observes, Health promotion programs need to be harmonized through effective collaboration across all sectors, professions as well as health agencies, And should be conveyed in way which is sensitive to the culture of the people. Naidoo and Wills (2000) underscore the 1997 WHO Jakarta declaration which outlined five main approaches for effective health promotion /education. Formulating a healthy public strategy Creating a supportive atmosphere Strengthening community action plan Development of personal skills and abilities Reorientation of health services Partnership working Health promotion delivery can be highly improved through creation of partnership working as noted by the WHO. Widening the foundation of health intervention approaches implies tackling socio-economic together with environmental aspects, improvement of accessibility to health services, reduction of inequalities in addition to targeting health education to each and every group regardless of age, gender, and status or age differences. Addressing health inequalities In order to formulate an effective health promotion strategy, health inequalities has to be addressed and taken as part of formulation of education plan (Braun et al, 2000). Professions in all health bodies have a duty of delivering successful local health interventions in order to decrease inequalities. In addition to that, all professions in health agencies have a duty to address health promotion or education and preventative measures which aim at reducing effects caused by sore throat A lot of suggestions put forward by Braun et al (2000) can be undertaken within a local set-up, for instance raising the intake of advantages within a suitable group, formulating health education in schools, promoting waking and making sure that all the requirements from all groups of people even the ethnic minorities are considered when formulating health policies. Frameworks There are a number of models which have been formulated in order to help in heath promotion, these models are basically grouped into two main groups which are: Health promotion concepts which describe health promotion as a scope of interventions (formulated by, Tannahill (1985); French and Adams (1986); Beattie (1991)) Health promotion model which analyse health determinants and suggest responsive measures (Laframboise (1973); Raeburn and Rootman, (1989); Hancock, 1993) In these two main classes of health promotion models, Naidoo and Wills (2000) explains that, the health practitioners are viewed as leaders (figures with power) or as facilitators of activities (negotiators) Beatties model of health promotion According to this model, there are four main aspects entailed in health promotion. These main aspects are: Health persuasion Personal counselling Community development Legislative action These four main aspects contribute in attaining a full picture when formulating a local health promotion action strategy for partnership collaboration. Ajzen, (1991) clearly observes that, all heath promotion models measures require understating by the patients own intent to change his/her behaviour. The concept of intended behaviour by Ajzen (1991) is among a number of behaviour modification outlined in health promotion main steps. According to this concept, there are three main steps regarding an individuals intended behaviour these are: A persons attitude is determined his/her thinking regarding the consequences The expectations from other people The persons supposed control and values in their capacity to change Every agency or persons involved in health promotion is highly encouraged to apply these concepts in supporting their individual initiatives whilst formulating a multi-partnership long term plan. Nurse practitioners Nurse practitioners have more experience which they gain through extra training they get which gives the ability to see patients who have various minor illnesses as well as injuries. This entails going through the history of the illness, undertaking a physical analyses, instigating blood tests or performing any other test as it may be indicated. In addition to that the nurse practitioner has a duty of carrying out a diagnosis as well as giving treatment options to the patient. It is against this background that makes these nurse practitioners to be in a better position of performing health promotion/ education in order to empower patients with knowledge on how to manager a number of minor illness which are common but not alarming. As such nurse practitioners are in a central position of empowering patients on sore throat management. Minor illness: Sore throat Many of minor illness such as sore throat can be mainly be managed through O.T.C (over the counter) non prescriptions drugs which are able to offer relief to the symptoms. Nevertheless, it is Robbins et al (2003) notes that all minor illnesses have a possibility of turning out to be serious. Patients should be advised that they should seek for the services of a doctor or a nurse in case the symptoms of such an illness are sore throat turns to be severe or in case there is sudden change of symptoms upon taking the OTC drugs, or when they are not working. Robbins et al (2003) observes that, patients with sore throat can be advised not to sure any outdated drug or antibiotics which they used in the past, this information are also pertinent to patients with other minor illness. Sore throat management Sore throat is among the most common minor illnesses which affect persons of all ages all over the world. However, children have been known to suffer from sore throat more than adults, on an average it has been established that children suffer from sore throat five or six times every year (Health Development Agency, 2004). In UK, about 90 of children in pre-school age group are known to look for consultation form a doctor at on point or another, mainly for symptoms which are associated with sore throat. Sore throat is among top ten common illnesses which patients come for consultation in primary care, whereby children seek consultation than any other group. More so, about one child in every 7 children who consult because of sore throat will again seek for consultation for sore throat after some time (Health Development Agency, 2004). These numbers have changed just slightly over the years. Adult Patients on the other hand on many occasions show anxiety as well as hopelessness when de aling with sore throat. Such problems and worries can be effectively addressed through the provision of reliable clear information about health, through heath promotion activities. (Health Development Agency, 2004) Nursing practitioner can use heath promotion to increase the ability of patients to manage sore throat. Sore throat management in general nursing practice and advancement to tonsillectomy in some cases lead to noteworthy use of health care services resources. In many cases, sore throat condition is comparatively minor and also self restrictive. Sore throat has got very little if any lasting adverse health consequences. Nonetheless, a considerable proportion of patients undergo undesirable morbidity and inconveniences caused by sore throat. Due to this many patients seek health practitioners who may keenly treat them, using antibiotics of substantial costs and questionable efficiency. (Health Development Agency, 2004) Basing on data from national health care records, sore throat is ranked as the eighth very common appearance in primary health care for many people (NSH, 2000). This translates to about 1 person in every 30 people. National Health Services (NHS) has averaged that annually, there are 0.1 consultations carried out concerning sore throat. Assuming that each consultation made cost 10 sterling pounds, then it cost the National Health Services (NHS), about 60 million sterling pounds every year, before adding any other cost of investigating or treating sore throat. Hence, heath promotion becomes very important in reducing these costs and in empowering people on how to manage sore throat. In addition many of sore throat illness gain exceptionally little from treatment through using antibiotics (Schalock 2000) Yet again; the use of these antibiotics continues to be common with many patients with sore throat receiving antibiotics. But, unnecessary prescription of antibiotic only results in wasted heath care resources, results in a cycle which promotes additional consultations in future for same sore throat illness and as well contributes a lot to the antibiotic resistance problem. Factors which influence people to take a decision to seek consultations comprise concerns, beliefs, knowledge and also expectations. Patients often dread any illness, and they mainly worry that they may not be capable of recognizing symptoms of a grave aliment (Ajzen 2002). Some patients get anxious of ‘bothering their normal practitioners with sore throat illness. At the same time these patients do not have knowledge about have best to treat a sore throat. Patients might have certain belief regarding the causes of sore throat illness (Ajzen, 2002), the implications of the sore throat symptoms and also the effectiveness of drugs to treat sore throat. Lazenbatt et al (2001) explains that, offering patients with information which is written regarding sore throat illness may assist to decrease the anxiety these patients suffer and improve the patient satisfaction as well as enablement. More so, the use these written information can reduce s re-consultations rates and use of antibiotics to cure sore throat. Expectations with which patients come at consultations rooms may have an impact on the way patients may be treated. There is no doubt that a patient who walks into a consultation room being expected to treated with antibiotic may end up being prescribed by an antibiotic particularly from a drug stores. But, studies have indicated that patients value getting a through assessment, explanations, assurance and guidance or advice more that receiving prescriptions. Such revelations show the importance and the value of these patients being offered health education regarding the management of their illness, in this case sore throat. (Lazenbatt et al 2001) Health promotion The present scope of nursing does acknowledge the key role of nurse practitioners in health promotion /education, Prevention of diseases and treatment of these diseases, sore throat management through medications as well as through non medication treatment. The public frequently seek out nurse practitioners as their main source of health advice and also care for a number of minor illnesses since nurse practitioners are easily assessable. In 2001 a report by Department of Health (2001a) underscored the importance of nurse practitioners in health promotion and highlighted the advantages of using these practitioners in health promotion at the same time calling for them to collaborate with other professions in health promotion/ education regarding minor illness. Sore throat A number of measures have been formulated which nursing practitioners can use to in promoting health education regarding sore throat. National Health Services (NHS) recommends that the following steps should be followed by the practitioners in health promotion: Throat swabs need not to be done as a routine in sore throat examination Practitioners should not relay on clinical examination to distinguish between bacterial and viral sore throat Do not perform rapid antigen routine in the case of sore throat, but it is suggested that research has to be carried out through the use of antibody titres. Patients need to be told by nurse practitioners that the common cause of sore throat is a virus or bacteria, though some other causes can also lead to sore throat. But, when one gets a sore throat it is possible to mange the sore throat by undertaking the following steps. Taking of pain killers, in specific soluble analgesia, dissolve tow tablets and take them three times each day, it has been proved to be highly effective Rest your voice when having sore throat as much as you can keep off smoking if you smoke and avoid smoky surroundings Increase the amounts of fluids you take, keep your self warm and try going to sleep early. Take antibacterial lozenges only or together with throat sprays which contains anaesthetics to get pain relief. When a patient takes these steps, a lot of sore throat cases will be treated without necessary going to the get a doctor or seeking other heath practitioners services. However if a person takes the above mentions steps and still feels the following, then he/she needs to see the doctor. Relentless sore throat Having problems in swallowing or having severe pain when swallowing Experiencing fever or chill Wheeze for those patients who suffer from asthma or having difficulties in breathing Experiencing lethargy Sore throat Management Paracetamol is successful and efficient in treating symptoms related to sore throat when administered within 48 hours. Pateients can also use ibuprofen effectively to manage symptoms related to sore throat if they take it within the48 hours. Patients need to take paracetamol as a medication of analgesia caused by sore throat , putting in consideration the high dangers which are related to other analgesics When using antibiotics patients, its is important the nursing practitioners as well educate the general public and patients in particular on management of sore throat in relation to antibiotics. In particular these information needs to be delivered: Penicillin seems to have a crucial (though small) advantage against analgestics/antipyretics specifically in initial lessening of symptoms in patients who have harsh symptoms of sore throat. Nevertheless, antibiotics must not be taken routinely to bring about symptomatic reprieve in cases of sore throat. Sore throat need not to be treated using antibiotics particularly to avert the rheumatic fever development or severe glomerulonephritis development Using antibiotics can avert cross infection of sore throat within the group A beta haemolytic in situation where institutions are closed for example boarding schools or barracks. However, the antibiotics must not be routinely applied to avert cross infection of sore throat within the common community. (Roberts, et al, 2002) To prevent suppurative complication in sore throat infection does not imply specific sign for antibiotic treatment. Preventing sore throats It is not possible to fully prevent sore throat; however the nurse practitioners have to educate the patients on how to reduce the risks and the manner in which to take care so that one can avoid getting sore throat as much as its possible. The following steps are important preventative measure which needs to be undertaken by each individual: Taking a well balanced and healthy meal with lots of vegetables and fresh fruits Getting enough sleep in the night and enough rest Not smoking Avoiding surroundings which are smoky as much as one can manage Indications of tonsillectomy in sore throat In cases where tonsillectomy develops as a result of sore throat, then patients have to know that the following aspects may occur: They mare suffer five or extra cases of sore throat each year, or may have sore throat symptoms through out the year. It is recommended that patients should take six month duration being watchful of any symptoms before tonsillectomy in order to establish strongly the manner of the symptoms and permit patients to take into account the entire implications of having an operation. The moment a decision is reached to perform tonsillectomy, then the operation should be performed as quickly as possible, in order to maximise the duration of benefit prior to natural resolution of symptoms occurring (without having performed tonsillectomy). The health practitioners should know that sore throat which is related with respiratory problems or stridor is an utter warning for a patient to be admitted. But, at the same time practitioners have to be aware of the basic psychosocial influences among patients coming to seek medication because of sore throat (Morrell et al, 2000). Heath promotion evaluation In order to make any program more effective it is important that it should be evaluated. Nurse practitioners are advised to put into consideration all measures which have been taken. Planning processes, implementation of the program and evaluation of whole processes are all important elements of health promotion. As Whiteland, (2001) notes, planning and implementation phases of any specific health associated programme are essential for making sure that the program is successful. Have an effective plan and implementation process allows the practitioners to anticipate for proper evaluation processes. When carrying out health promotion/ education many nurse practitioners do not normally put into consideration every element of the program processes. In many cases planning stage is the one that is emphasized. Whiteleand (2001) adds that it is not common to see a proof of evaluative measures in health promotion. But: Evaluation is important since it offers the crucial tool for health promotion practitioner Knowledge base which shows various health promotion evaluation methods as well as approaches are need to effectively implement a successful health promotion. Without carrying out an evaluative processes, there are reservations that health promotion program may not achieve its objective, and may fail to settle those funding the program. According to Schalock, (2000); South and Tilford (2000): there are a number of reasons as to why it is imperative that health practitioners undertake evaluate health promotion programs. For example, practitioner has to evaluate the level and degree to which the promotion program has and is attaining its objective. In addition to making sure that the program is cost-effective. In accordance with the above mention reasons to appraise health promotion plan, are the rising rationalisation programs of health services. The present economic situation in UKs National Health Services (NHS), together with latest deep-seated quality related changes, has resulted to increased attention of examining health promotion (South and Tilford, 2000; Raphael,2000). In addition to that, Tones (2000) highlights two major classes of evaluation, these are, assessing what has been attained and assessing the manner in which the objectives have been attained. Thus, nurse practitioners may use a number of available evaluation methods such as evidence-based, cost-effective or performance management (Lazenbatt et al, 2001; Morrell et al, 2000) to assess how effective health promotion regarding sore throat management is. The long-standing viewpoint Tones (2000) observe that, health promotion programs should incorporate socially empowerment as well as enabling activities. The program discussed here regarding sore throat was aimed at empowering patients to effectively control sore throat and reduces costs incurred in sore throat through promoting healthy lifestyles among measures encouraged. However, for health promotion program to be more effective, it should involve the whole community. The Beattie health promotion discussed earlier in this paper puts emphasis on building relations which last longer, and making sure that public health promotion/education, prevention, and protection are undertaken by the whole community, and not only nurse practitioners. For the health promotion program to be more effective, Bakley (2001) proposes that health promotion /education has to create a healthy public strategy, create supportive atmosphere, foster personal or group abilities and skills, enhance community action program, and re-orient health services. Conclusion Health promotion/education is programs carried out in order to enable people increase their control and improve their state of health. The aim is to make people to attain complete physical, psychological and social welfare. A person or a community must be in a position to identify and acknowledge aspirations to satisfy the needs as well as modify or manage the environment, or illness. Health is taken as daily a resource which needs to be maintained. There are a number of models which have been formulated that by different health experts who are used in health promotion strategies, and Beattie, (1991) health promotion model is commonly used. As it can be seen, sore throat is a minor illness which should not cause any alarm to a patient yet many people when suffering from sore throat end up with a lot of anxiety and using expensive antibiotics which is not really necessary. Thus, health promotion becomes more important in sensitising people on how not only manage sore throat but any ot her minor illness. But, for any health promotion program to be effective and successful, it should be monitored and evaluated to measure its achievements and ensure that it attains its goals and objectives. Reference: Ajzen I (2002): Perceived Behavioural Control, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behaviour: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Ajzen, I (1991): The theory of planned behaviour: Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes; 50 Allen J; Dyas J; Jones M; Allen J; Dyas J; Jones M (2002): Minor illness in children: parents views and use of health services: British Journal of Community Nursing 2002, Ashley A; Lloyd A; Lamb S and Bartlett H. (2001): Is health-related quality of life a suitable outcome measure for evaluating health promotion programmes: Nursing Times Research 6, Beattie, A (1991): Knowledge and control in health promotion: a test case for social policy and theory; in: Gabe, J; Calnan, M; Bury, M (edited) The Sociology of the Health Service; London; Routledge/ Taylor and Francis. Bakley A (2001): Evaluating Health Promotion: Methodological Diversity: In Using Research for Effective Health Promotion 🙠 Oliver S. Peersman G. Eds): Open University Press; Buckingham, Braun B; Fowles J; Solberg L; Kind E; Healey M; Anderson R (2000): Patient beliefs about the characteristics, causes, and care of the common cold:- an update :Journal of Family Practice Department of Health (2000): The NHS Plan: A plan for investment; a plan for reform: London; DH. Department of Health (2001a): The Expert Patient: A new approach to chronic disease management for the twenty-first century: London; DH Fitzmaurice D (2001): Written information for treating minor illness: British Medical Journal Health Development Agency (2004): Developing Healthy Communities; London; HDA Lazenbatt A; Orr J. and ONeill E (2001): Inequalities in health:-evaluation and effectiveness in practice. International Journal of Nursing Practice 7, Learmonth A. (2000): Utilising research in practice and generating evidence from practice. Health Education Research 15 Little P, et al (2001): Randomised controlled trial of self management leaflets and booklets for minor illness provided by post. British Medical Journal Morrell D, Avery J, Watkins J (2000): Management of minor illness: British Medical Journal Naidoo J and Wills J (2000): Health Promotion: Foundations for Practice; 2nd edition: Bailliere Tindall: London Naidoo, J and Wills, J (2000a): Health Promotion Foundations for Practice: London; Balliere Tindall Raphael D. Bryant T. (2000): Putting the population into population health: Canadian Journal of Public Health 91 Raphael D. (2000): The question of evidence in health promotion: Health Promotion International 15. Raphael D. (2000): The question of evidence in health promotion: Health Promotion International 15, Robbins H; Hundley V; Osman L (2003): Minor illness education for parents of young children: Journal of Advanced Nursing; 44(3) Roberts C et al (2002): Reducing physician visits for colds through consumer education: JAMA Schalock R (2000): Outcome-Based Evaluation: Kluwer Academic Publishers; London South J and Tilford S. (2000): Perceptions of research and evaluation in health promotion practice and influences on activity: Health Education Research 15, Tones K. (2000): Evaluating health promotion: a tale of three errors; Patient Education and Counselling 39, Tones, K (2000a): Evaluating health promotion. Patient Education and Counselling 39: 227-236. Whitehead D. (2001): A social cognitive model for health education/health promotion practice: Journal of Advanced Nursing 38, Whitehead D. (2001a): Health education, behavioural change and social psychology: nurslings contribution to health promotion? Journal of Advanced Nursing 35; World Health Organization (1986): The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion; Geneva; WHO World Health Organization (1997): The Jakarta Declaration: Geneva; WHO.

The business process reengineering

The business process reengineering Summary In this report we are discussing the two approaches related to the business process it is basically a critical decision that every good and progressing enterprise has to take in short or long run. The BPR (Business process reengineering) and the business modeling (creating a new process) and the difference in between, is the topic in this report. Business Process Modeling (BPM) represents the activity of processes of a business. Purpose to implement a business process model is analyze and improve the enterprise activities regarding the core business. It is commonly performed in an enterprise by expert business analysts and business line managers, who seeks continuous process improvement and efficiency. Three major types of processes involved in a business are: Management Processes Operational Processes Supporting Processes Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is a kind of method of management practitioners to improve business efficiency. The fundamentals of Business Process Reengineering are to look at the business processes from a clean slate perspective and to find out how to reconstruct these processes to increase the efficiency of the business. Reengineering is redesigning, revising and rethinking of business processes to achieve cost, quality and speed or service oriented efficiency. Business Process Reengineering (BRP) consists of sequence strategies to promote the innovation and resulting excellence in competition, market place and profitability of the enterprise. A simple business process reengineering is best described in following four phases of the cycle i.e. Identification of a Process Review, Update and Analyze AS IS Design TO BE Testing and Implementation DEFO model, and all other methodologies related to BPR are discussed then their implementation phases, results then the discussion on results and the conclusion in which the difference between both of these have been highlighted. 1. Introduction / Background Business processes are the essential part of any kind of business. They are created by the help of business model and show the direction towards which a business flows. In this report, two basic business models are discussed in detail, difference in the approach is explained and what and how to proceed with these models has been described. The two business model which are discussed here are: Business Process Reengineering Business Process and Model 1.1 Business Process Reengineering Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is a kind of method of management practitioners to improve business efficiency. The fundamentals of Business Process Reengineering are to look at the business processes from a clean slate perspective and to find out how to reconstruct these processes to increase the efficiency of the business. Reengineering is redesigning, revising and rethinking of business processes to achieve cost, quality and speed or service oriented efficiency. Business Process Reengineering (BRP) consists of sequence strategies to promote the innovation and resulting excellence in competition, market place and profitability of the enterprise. A simple business process reengineering is best described in following four phases of the cycle i.e. 1.2 Business Process Modeling (Creating a new process) Business Process Modeling (BPM) represents the activity of processes of a business. Purpose to implement a business process model is analyze and improve the enterprise activities regarding the core business. It is commonly performed in an enterprise by expert business analysts and business line managers, who seeks continuous process improvement and efficiency. Three major types of processes involved in a business are: Management Processes Operational Processes Supporting Processes These processes can be further sub divided into numerous sub processes and sequence of activities. These sub processes have their own attributes and also contribute to achieve the objectives and goal of the major process. 2. Problem Area / Scope This report deals with the difference between two business processes i.e. Business process reengineering and business model (creating a new process). 2.1 Problem Area   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Report investigates the following problematic areas: How to deal with business process reengineering? How to implement it in an enterprise? How to design a business model for a new process? What is the difference between the approaches? How to improve a business using these models? 2.2 Scope Report deals primarily with the business process models specially focusing the approach of the two models i.e. Business Process Reengineering and Business Modeling (creating a new process). Business Process is a vast field with numerous methods and explanations. Report only deals with the Business Process Reengineering and Business Modeling (creating a new process) and how does it impact the working of an enterprise. 3. Methods Five methodologies are summarized after the basic BPR understanding. A few BPR methodologies from contemporary literature are as follows; Methodology #1 Develop vision strategy Create desired culture Integrate Improve enterprise Develop technology solutions Methodology #2 Determine Customer Requirements Goals for the Process Map and Measure the Existing Process Analyze and Modify Existing Process Design a Reengineered Process Implement the Reengineered Process Methodology#3 Set Direction Baseline and Benchmark Create the Vision Launch Problem Solving Projects Design Improvements Implement Change Embed Continuous Improvement Methodology #4 Motivating Reengineering Justifying Reengineering Planning Reengineering Setting up for Reengineering As Is Description Analysis To-Be Design and Validation Implementation Methodology #5 Preparation Identification Vision Technical Social design Transformation 4. Results Process reengineering emerged as an intelligent and very successful technique to refresh the current running processes in an organization; because business can be used as a common term, Business Process Reengineering BPR is now a famous term plus technique in an organization who is trying to revive the current processes whether its a service organization or consumer product manufacturer. 4.1 Reengineering Process Reengineering is the elementary rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve remarkable improvements in decisive, contemporary measures of performance such as cost, quality, service and speed. BPR advocates that enterprises go back to the basics and reexamine their very ancestry. As for results: BPR is clearly not for companies who want a 10% improvement, it is for the ones that need a ten-fold increase. The last but the most important of the four key words is the word-process. BPR more focuses on processes and not on tasks, jobs or people. It endeavors to redesign the strategic and value added processes that surpass organizational boundaries. 4.2 Implementing Reengineering Process According to many in the BPR field reengineering should apply energies in right direction and focus on processes and not be limited to thinking about the organizations. Currently people in an organization think individually about the particular department. So companies should name the processes rather using the department names that they do such that they express the beginning and end states. These names should imply to all the work that gets done between the start and finish points. i.e, order fulfillment can be called order to payment process. Talking about the importance of processes just as companies have organization charts, they should also have what are called process maps or workflow diagrams to give a picture of how work flows through the enterprise. Process mapping assists in identifying your current As-Is business processes and can be used to provide a To-Be roadmap for reengineering your product and service business enterprise functions; needless to say it logically helps to have a thorough look on the whole process cycle and of course it can also be used to monitor the reengineering as well. It is the significant link that your reengineering team can apply to better understand and radically improve your business processes and bottom-line performance. Possessing identified and mapped the processes, deciding which ones need to be reengineered and in what order is the million-dollar question. Generally they make their choices based on three criteria: Dysfunction: which processes are functioning the worst or which process is the bottle-neck? Importance: which are the most critical and influential in terms of customer satisfaction; Feasibility: which are the processes that are most likely to be successfully reengineered? This section will give an overview of creating a new business process; this section provides a guide to creating an initial, as is or baseline model, in other words the current situation. 4.3 Components of Business Process An as is or baseline model gives an overall picture of how the process works, now. Any structural, organizational and technological weak points and bottlenecks can then be identified, along with possible improvements at the next stage. You will need the following information before you start to create a new business process: The desired outcome of the process. The start and end points (customer need and customer fulfillment). The activities that are performed. The order of activities. The people who perform the activities. The documents and forms used and exchanged between functions and from customers and suppliers. 4.4 First phase The first phase of the process will involve a lot of positioning and repositioning of events and activities, so make sure you use a method that is flexible and easily changed. Use visual aids; if youre working with a group of users, it must be communicated to each user. 4.5 Second phase Once you have established an agreed sequence of events, you can create it as a flowchart on generic software or on specialized proprietary software. At this stage, need to check your model with the users by carrying out live observations of the sequence should be in practice. 4.6 Symbols and notation The diagrammatical representation of Business Process is commonly notation. There is no definitive system for Business Process creation notation, although efforts persist to standardize one. The Business Process Notation system is an example of an attempt to establish a standard BP notation system. Organizations may develop their own notation systems or use the notation of their chosen own/different way. 4.7 Methodology A combined methodology has been extracted from the five methodologies previously presented and an IDEF0 model was developed and for the sake of briefness, we have shown only the major activities in the IDEF0 model in Figure 1. In the following section, we deal with the details of the methodology. 4.7.1 Activity #1: Prepare for Reengineering: If you fail to plan, you plan to fail. Planning and preparation are vital factors for any activity or event to be successful and obviously in reengineering it is done too. Before executing reengineering, the question, Is BPR necessary? There should be a noteworthy need for the process to be reengineered. The validation of this need marks the beginning of the preparation activity. This activity begins with the development of executive consensus on the importance of reengineering and the link between advance business goals and reengineering projects. A cross-functional team is established with a game plan for the process of reengineering. While forming the cross-functional team, steps should be taken to ensure that the organization continues to function in the absence of several key players. Another important factor to be considered while establishing the strategic goals for the reengineering effort is to make it your first priority to understand the expectations of your customers and where your existing process falls short of meeting those requirements. Create or study the existing vision of the enterprise as a well-defined vision will sustain a companys resolve through the stress of the reengineering process. 4.7.2 Activity #2: Map and Analyze As-Is Process Before the reengineering team can proceed to redesign the process, they should understand the existing process. While some organizations which are in dire straits might go the other way, attempt a new process design while totally ignoring the existing processes, most organizations need to map the existing processes it helps to analyze and improve on it to design new processes. The important feature of BPR is that the improvement should provide dramatic results. Many people do not understand the value of an As-is analysis and rather prefer to spend a larger chunk of their valuable time on designing the To-Be model directly. The main objective of this phase is to identify bottle necks (anything that prevents the process from achieving desired results and in particular information transfer between organizations or people) and value adding processes. Creation and documentation of Activity and Process models initiates it. Then, the amount of time that each activity takes and the cost that each activity requires in terms of resources is calculated through simulation and activity based costing (ABC). All the footing required having been completed; the processes that need to be reengineered are identified. 4.7.3 Activity #3: Design To-Be process The objective of this phase is to produce one or more alternatives to the current situation, which satisfy the strategic goals of the enterprise. Benchmarking is the initial step in this phase. Benchmarking is the comparing of both the performance of the organizations processes and the way those processes is conducted with those relevant peer organizations to obtain ideas for improvement. Other organizations need not be competitors or even from the same industry. Innovative and effective methods should be appreciated regardless of the source. Having identified the potential improvements to the existing processes, the development of the To-Be models is done using the various modeling methods available, bearing in mind the principles of process design. Then, similar to the As-Is model, simulations are performed and ABC to analyze factors like the time and cost involved. This activity is an iterative process and it takes a lot of patience and time. 4.7.4 Activity #4: Implement Reengineered Process The implementation stage is where reengineering efforts meet the most confrontation and hence it is by far the most difficult one. If we expect that the environment would be conducive to the reengineering effort we are sadly mistaken. The question that confronts us would be, If BPR promises such breath taking results then why wasnt it adopted much earlier? When so much time and effort is spent on analyzing the current processes, redesigning them and planning the migration, it would indeed be practical to run a culture change program simultaneously with all the planning and preparation. This plan must support the organizational structure, information systems, and the business policies and procedures with the redesigned processes. The IDEF models that were created in the As-Is can be mapped to those created during the To-Be and an initial list of change requirements generated. Additional requirements for the construction of the To-Be components can be added and the result organized int o a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). Recent developments in BPR software technologies enable automatic migration of these WBS activity/relationships into a process modeling environment. Using prototyping and simulation techniques, the transition plan is validated and its pilot versions are designed and demonstrated. 4.7.5 Activity #5: Improve Process Continuously A process cannot be reengineered overnight. A very vital part in the success of every reengineering effort lies in improving the reengineered process continuously. Monitoring, first and important step here. Two things have to be monitored the progress of action and the results. The progress of action is measured by seeing how much more informed the people feel, how much more commitment the management shows and how well the change teams are accepted in the broader perspective of the organization. This can be achieved by conducting attitude surveys and discrete fireside chats with those initially not directly involved with the change. As for monitoring the results, the monitoring should include such measures as employee attitudes, customer expectations, supplier responsiveness etc. Communication is strengthened throughout the organization, ongoing measurement is initiated, team reviewing of performance against clearly defined targets is done and a feedback loop is set up wherein the p rocess is reviewed and redesigned. Thus continuous improvement of performance is ensured through a performance tracking system and application of problem solving skills. Continuous improvement (TQM) and BPR have always been considered mutually exclusive to each other. But on the contrary, if performed simultaneously they would complement each other wonderfully well. In fact TQM can be used as a tool to handle the various problems encountered during the BPR effort and to continuously improve the process. 5.Discussion This is my 2nd report another report was made before on the same topic but due to not handling the references correctly it got the complaint of plagiarism; I went to discuss this thing with my instructor and my course coordinator and finally made this 2nd one. To write this kind of report one must study the literature related to the topic and then if we use the chunk of that literature or discuss any idea from it the references must be taken care in a systematic way otherwise it can create a problem. A zealous customer focus, superior process design and a strong and motivated leadership are vital ingredients to the recipe for the success of any business corporation. It is the key that every organization should acquire to accomplish these prerequisites to success. It advocates demanding hard work and activates the people involved to not only to change what they do but targets at altering their basic way of thinking itself. And on the other hand the new process is more or like same to the BPR but in new modeling there is no previous or existing process to be considered and in modeling the more focus is on the model if the model is understandable attainable then further its implementation and business can be created accordingly. 6. Conclusion So by defining both of the aspects the question again lingers that what is the difference in between and according to the all study and research and by looking at the real life case studies, I came to a point to say that it all depends on the situation the enterprise is going through or the nature of the organization. As the HP company reduced their assembly time by doing the reengineering, but the main thing was the company spent countless hours and a lot of money first to come on the point and take the decision that the company will do the reengineering and then by doing intense process flow analysis and by studying the work break down structures the enterprise took the decision which type of reengineering technique should be used. The bottom-line is it always depends on the companys nature, the business situation it is going through. The enterprise managements experience how they take a situation and how right they do the studies rather homework necessary to take the right decision. As we look the technical aspect of both process reengineering and creating a new process; both of the sides needs sound management and technical expertise and yes the enough funds to go through them. In reengineering we have to mold the existing processes but creating a new process is to come up with a total new idea which will be the part of main process stream of the enterprise. But I think its a long debate sometimes the reengineering is more difficult then to create a new process because if one process is reengineered the enterprise has to do other alters as well to align the reengineered side with the whole stream and this may cost more than the company expects. Its true that reengineering proved to be a success all-over the world among every industry service or production. But many companies could not make it with it. New process is sometimes necessary like it is necessary if there is a total new range of product line, technology change etc. then a thorough study to fix the new process in the existing process stream. 7. Recommendations Business process reengineering is an effective tool for management practitioners. It helps in business improvement and further enhances business process efficiency. Continuous improvement process includes the process reengineering and encompasses all the parameters with in the process re designing and reengineering. This method can give huge returns. This method began as a private sector technique to help organizations fundamentally rethink how they do their work in order to dramatically improve customer service, cut operational costs, and become world-class competitors. References Feldmann Clarence.G, (1998),The Practical Guide to Business Process Reengineering using IDEF0., Dorset House Publishing, New York. Modelling and analysis of business process reengineering 2002, vol. 40, no. 11, 2521 ±2546 GUNASEKARAN and B. KOBU Business Process Reengineering, The Creation and Implementation of a Methodology Brian Fitzgerald and Ciaran Murphy 1996. Bnet.com